Why is it that some women have created successful careers in science, when historically there have been so many barriers that exclude women from engaging in scientific work? At last, here is a comparative history that illuminates some of the patterns that have emerged in the history of women in science. This book features some of the most influential and pioneering studies of women in the sciences, with a special focus on patterns of education, access, barriers, and opportunities for women's work in science. Spanning the 17th through the 20th centuries, the book demonstrates the meaning and power of gender experienced by women in the sciences. Individual chapters focus on exceptional women whose unusual initiativee and particular circumstance led them to engage in science: Laura Bassi, Nettie Stevens, Maria Winkelmann, and others. Chapters on women's access to science discuss collaboration with family members in the domestic sphere, the impact of primers and popular science writing, and formal education in public schools and advanced research institutions. There are examinations of the reasons for clusters of women working in female friendly sciences such as botany and physiology in the 19th century and astronomy in the U.S. during the early 20th century. This important and useful book provides a thoughtful and detailed overview for scholars and students in the history of science, as well as for feminist historians, scientists, and others who who want a comparative and historical analysis of women in the sciences. Contributors include Janet Browne, Paula Findlen, Peggy Aldrich Kidwell, Ann Hibner Koblitz, M. Susan Lindee, Carolyn Merchant, Margaret W. Rossiter, Londa Schiebinger, Nancy Leys Stepan, and Deborah Jean Warner.About the Author: Sally Gregory Kohlstedt directs the Program in History of Science and Technology at the University of Minnesota. Her teaching and research focus primarily on the history of science in American culture, with particular attention to museums, public education, and women and gender issues in science. In 2009 she edited, with Maria Rentetzi, Gender and Networking in Twentieth-Century Physical Sciences, as special issue of Centaurus. Current projects involve analysis of the use of texts in the object-rich subject of nature study, an account of the Smithsonian Institution, national identity, and the American West in the late nineteenth century, and an Isis reader.