This report describes cognitive networking (CN) and its application to NASA's Space Communication and Networking (SCaN) Program. This report clarifies the terminology and framework of CN and provides some examples of cognitive systems. It then provides a methodology for developing and deploying CN techniques and technologies. Finally, the report attempts to answer specific questions regarding how CN could benefit SCaN. It also describes SCaN's current and target networks and proposes places where cognition could be deployed. Ivancic, William D. and Paulsen, Phillip E. and Vaden, Karl R. and Ponchak, Denise S. Glenn Research Center NASA/TM-2013-216585, E-18775, GRC-E-DAA-TN6016