Traditional polemical histories of Bohemia and Moravia identify the period from the early seventeenth to the second half of the eighteenth-century as a "period of darkness" - particularly in terms of Czech-language culture. This book challenges that interpretation from the perspective of musical culture and demonstrates that this was in fact a vibrant, productive and innovative period, both for music in the Czech language and instrumental music. Focussing on the distinctive nature of Czech-language education and devotion along with Germanic traditions and the prominent role of rural life in shaping musical culture, it reveals a new understanding of Czech musical practices and repertoires - as a beguiling blend of the older, non-conformist, vernacular traditions with the new, theatrical, Italian styles and genres.