The ECOWAS Protocol on Free Movement, Residence, and Establishment facilitates regional integration by allowing citizens of member states to move freely, reside, and establish businesses across borders. In Nigeria, this protocol has fostered economic growth through increased trade and investment and promoted cultural exchange and regional cooperation.However, it has also posed significant internal security challenges. Weak border controls have enabled smuggling, human trafficking, and the movement of insurgents, exacerbating threats from groups like Boko Haram. The influx of migrants has strained resources in urban areas, leading to social tensions and competition for jobs and services.To mitigate these risks, Nigeria has enhanced border surveillance, improved inter-agency coordination, and strengthened regional intelligence-sharing mechanisms. Balancing the economic benefits of the protocol with robust security measures is crucial for maximizing its advantages while ensuring national security.